Colors of Aurora 極光的顏色
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北極光源自於太陽帶有電荷的粒子進入地球大氣層的邊緣,在距離地表一百公里附近,受地球的磁場影響把這些帶電粒子沿著磁力線分散和聚集到北極和南極附近。當這些帶電粒子進入極區的高空大氣層時,會與原子和分子碰撞,釋放出能量,形成一個大圓形的光圈,稱為極光。
太空大氣層中的電子撞擊會在不同的高度輻射出不同的顏色。由於大氣層中的氮和氧原子被電子激發,因此發出紅色和綠色光。氮的輻射呈藍色或紫色,接收電離的電子後輻射出藍色,並在從觸擊態回到基常態時輻射出紅色。氧的輻射呈綠色或褐紅色,色澤取決於所吸收的能量。氧回到基常態的不尋常狀態,在1秒內輻射出綠光,但需要長達兩分鐘的時間才能輻射出紅光。
地球的極光主要呈現紅、綠兩色。大氣層的最頂端,氧含量的百分比較低,碰撞較為稀疏,因此氧有足夠的時間輻射出紅光。當其下降到較低層,碰撞頻率增加,沒有足夠的時間釋放出紅光。最後,由於碰撞過於頻繁,連綠光都被阻止了。因此,在最高處,由氧的紅光主導,接著是氧的綠光和氮的藍光與紅光,最後只有氮的藍光與紅光。綠色是極光中最常見的顏色,在綠色的上方是粉紅色,混合著淺綠色和紅色,緊接著是純紅色、紅色和綠色混合的黃色,最後是純藍色。
最高處的紅色由於原子的低濃度和眼睛對紅色波長的低靈敏度,紅色只有在太陽活動強烈的情況下才能被看見。較低高度的綠色,由於頻繁碰撞、高的氧原子濃度和眼睛對綠色光較敏感,使綠色的極光最為常見。氧原子的濃度在100公里的高度迅速降低,也使得極光簾幕的底部在大氣層這個高度上突然的結束;黃色和粉紅色則是紅色和綠色混合的結果;藍色光出現在低處,藍色和紫色的發射通常出現在極光簾幕的底端,顯示太陽的活動非常活躍。
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The Northern Lights are caused by charged particles from the sun entering the Earth's atmosphere at the edge, around 100 km above the surface. These particles are dispersed and concentrated near the poles by the Earth's magnetic field. As they enter the high atmosphere, they collide with atoms and molecules, releasing energy and creating a circular glow called the aurora.
Electron collisions in the upper atmosphere radiate different colors at different heights. Nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the atmosphere emit red and green light, while nitrogen also emits blue or purple light. The color of oxygen emission depends on the absorbed energy, appearing green or brownish-red. The red aurora dominates at the highest altitude due to high oxygen content and sparse collisions, while the green aurora is most common at lower altitudes due to frequent collisions and high oxygen concentration.
The red color is less visible due to low atom concentration and low sensitivity to red wavelength, while the green color is most visible due to frequent collisions, high oxygen concentration, and higher sensitivity to green light. The yellow and pink colors result from a mix of red and green, while blue and purple light typically appear at the bottom of the aurora curtain, indicating high solar activity.

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